PROJECTS
Religious architectures encode sacred information (divinity, history, authority, the dead), spiritual orientation (our place in the universe, relation to nature, social order), and holy rituals (practices, contemplation, work). This is done by incorporating spiritual representations on a building’s walls, ceilings, windows, and spaces and using its scale and proportions, layout, materials and craftsmanship, dark-light ratio, and acoustics. The result is the creation of an all-enveloping, intentionally constructed environment that points to the realm of spiritual reality. Nonetheless, holy buildings are like music albums; it is only by playing them that the enacted content will be experienced. In other words, information-rich sacred architecture depends on phenomenological engagement to produce cognitive and aesthetic effects.
Considering the nature of spiritual experiences, empirically gauging such effects has proven nearly impossible until the advent of neuroscience — a trustworthy method to study relationships between phenomenological states and brain activity. However, most neuroscientific and clinical research on spirituality has focused on internally-induced (i.e., self-directed, as in prayer or meditation) and not externally-induced (i.e., object or environment-driven) spiritual responses. Very few studies have involved externally-induced aesthetics and theological concerns, and these have been limited to two-dimensional iconography and music. Similarly, there is no hard data on the possible causes of such effects. Semiotic studies done in architecture and environmental psychology in the 1980s and 1990s only indirectly pointed at possible architectural features communicating and inducing human perceptual and behavioral responses.
Our research addresses these voids by investigating (1) brain and physiological correlates of internal states elicited by sacred architecture and (2) the architectural conditions eliciting such reactions. Ambulatory EEG (electroencephalography), mobile eye-tracking, and bio-sensors are used to analyze the experiential responses of individuals of faith (or no faith) to religious and secular buildings of great significance. This approach is utilized in three different PROJECTS. The first two took place in Washington, DC, where we investigated the responses of 64 Catholic individuals to the Basilica of the Immaculate Conception and Union Train Station. The first project (2020-22) considered experiential EFFECTS, whereas the second project (2022-23) looked at the CAUSES of such effects. The third project, now underway, is studying the responses of 180 people of various (or no) faiths (60 Catholics, 60 Protestants, and 60 non-religious) to three signature buildings in Southern California: the Christ Cathedral in Garden Grove, the East Side Christian Church in Anaheim, and the Orange County Museum of Art.
Bringing together experts in architecture, psychology, neuroscience, theology, and machine learning, our interdisciplinary team will (1) employ last-generation technology to measure brain activity, eye-tracking, and bodily states, (2) develop a novel research methodology grounded on neurophenomenology to investigate architecture’s aesthetic capacity to produce spiritual and cognitive outcomes, and (3) collect compelling data to advance our understanding of sacred architecture and support further studies.
On the Frontier Between Art and Faith
Deconstructing the Spiritual Experience of Architecture